CHAPTER OUTLINE
Chapter 1 - INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
- 1.1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.2 HEAVY OIL, TAR AND BITUMEN RESERVOIRS
- 1.3 FRACTURED AND TIGHT OIL RESERVOIRS
- 1.3.1 Type I Fractured Oil Reservoirs
- 1.3.2 Type II Fractured Carbonate Oil Reservoirs
- 1.3.3 Type III Fractured Oil Reservoirs
- 1.3.4 Type IV Fractured Carbonate Oil Reservoirs
- 1.3.5 Fractured and Tight Sandstone Oil Reservoirs
- 1.4 FRACTURED AND TIGHT CONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVOIRS
- 1.4.1 Fractured Conventional Gas Reservoirs
- 1.4.2 Tight Conventional Gas Reservoirs
- 1.5 UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVOIRS
- 1.5.1 Basin-center Gas Reservoirs
- 1.5.2 Coalbed Methane Reservoirs
- 1.5.3 Fractured Shale-gas Reservoirs
Chapter 2 - PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTURES AND FRACTURE NETWORKS
- 2.1 INTRODUCTION
- 2.2 WHAT IS A FRACTURED RESERVOIR?
- 2.3 FRACTURED RESERVOIR CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
- 2.4 ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE OF NATURAL FRACTURES
- 2.4.1 Introduction
- 2.4.2 Lithological Controls on Fracture Spacing
- 2.4.3 Bed Curvature Controls on Fracture Size and Spacing
- 2.5 GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL FRACTURES
- 2.5.1 Tectonic Fractures
- 2.5.2 Regional Fractures
- 2.5.3 Surface-Related Fractures
- 2.5.4 Contractional Fractures
- 2.6 JOINTS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
- 2.6.1 Introduction
- 2.6.2 Joint Classification
- 2.6.3 Joint Spacing and Joint Scaling
- 2.6.4 Challenges in Establishing Joint/Layer Relationships
- 2.6.5 Joint Pattern Classifications
- 2.6.6 Joint Pattern Relationship to the Stress Field
- 2.7 SHEAR FRACTURES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
- 2.7.1 Shear Fracture Spacing and Scaling Properties
- 2.7.2 Shear Fracture Relationships to the Stress Field
- 2.7.3 Fault Zones
- 2.8 FRACTURE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES
- 2.8.1 Determining the Degree of Connectivity within a Fracture Network
- 2.8.2 Determining which of the Connected Fluid Pathways are Open to Fluid Flow
- 2.8.3 Establishing the Magnitude and Orientation of the Mean Stress Gradients Across the Fracture Network
- 2.8.4 Summary of Fracture Dynamic Properties and Analystical Constraints in their Analysis
- 2.9 FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS: KEY LEARNING
Chapter 3 - FRACTURED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION METHODS
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION
- 3.2 WHAT IS FRACTURED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION?
- 3.3 STATIC PROPERTIES OF FRACTURES
- 3.3.1 Fracture Size
- 3.3.2 Fracture Morphology
- 3.4 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FRACTURES
- 3.5 STRESS STATE OF FRACTURED RESERVOIRS
- 3.6 GENERIC WORKFLOWS FOR FRACTURED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
- 3.6.1 Introduction
- 3.6.2 Internal Data
- 3.6.3 Concept
- 3.6.4 First-Pass Analysis
- 3.6.5 Conceptual Model
- 3.6.6 Detailed Analysis
- 3.6.7 Deriving a Numerical Model
- 3.7 NUMERICAL FRACTURE NETWORK MODELS
- 3.7.1 Earth Models
- 3.7.2 Continuum Models
- 3.7.3 Discrete Fracture Network Models
- 3.7.4 Hybrid Models
- 3.8 EVALUATING AND TESTING THE FRACTURE NETWORK MODEL
- 3.8.1 Deriving a Geologically Realistic Fracture Network Model
- 3.8.2 Characterizing the Hydrodynamic Properties of the Network Model
- 3.8.3 Choosing an Appropriate Flow Simulation Model
- 3.9 BOREHOLE TOOLS FOR FRACTURED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
- 3.9.1 Drilling Torque, ROP and Total Gas
- 3.9.2 Mud loss
- 3.9.3 Core
- 3.9.4 Borehole Imaging Logs
- 3.9.5 Conventional Petrophysical Measurements
- 3.10 WELL TESTS IN FRACTURED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
- 3.10.1 Single Well Test
- 3.10.2 Single-Well Qualitative Analysis
- 3.10.3 Interference and Tracer Tests
- 3.11 SEISMIC TOOLS FOR FRACTURED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
- 3.12 FRACTURED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION: KEY LEARNING
Chapter
4 - HEAVY OIL, TAR AND BITUMEN RESERVOIRS
- 4.1 GENERALIZATION AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
- 4.2 RESERVOIR QUALITY AND ARCHITECTURE
- 4.2.1 Reservoir Quality
- 4.2.2 Reservoir Architecture
- 4.2.3 Fracture Characteristics
- 4.3 FACTORS CONTROLLING WELL PERFORMANCE AND RECOVERY EFFICIENCY
- 4.4 PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS UNDER DIFFERENT DRIVE MECHANISMS AND ENHANCED RECOVERY TECHNIQUES
- 4.4.1 Introduction
- 4.4.2 Aquifer Drive
- 4.4.3 Solution Gas Drive
- 4.4.4 Compaction Drive
- 4.4.5 Gas Cap Expansion Drive
- 4.4.6 Very Weak Natural Drive
- 4.5 SUCCESSFUL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Chapter
5 - TYPE I FRACTURED OIL RESERVOIRS
- 5.1 GENERALIZATION AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
- 5.2 RESERVOIR QUALITY AND HETEROGENEITY
- 5.2.1 Reservoir Quality
- 5.2.2 Reservoir Heterogeneity
- 5.2.2.1 Reservoir architecture
- 5.2.2.2 Fracture density and distribution
- 5.3 FACTORS CONTROLLING WELL PERFORMANCE AND RECOVERY EFFICIENCY
- 5.3.1 Rock and Fluid Properties
- 5.3.2 Fracture Characteristics
- 5.4 PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS UNDER DIFFERENT DRIVE MECHANISMS AND ENHANCED RECOVERY TECHNIQUES
- 5.5 SUCCESSFUL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Chapter
6 - TYPE II FRACTURED CARBONATE OIL RESERVOIRS
- 6.1 GENERALIZATION AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
- 6.2 RESERVOIR QUALITY AND HETEROGENEITY
- 6.2.1 Reservoir Quality
- 6.2.2 Reservoir Heterogeneity
- 6.2.2.1 Reservoir architecture
- 6.2.2.2 Fracture density and distribution
- 6.3 FACTORS CONTROLLING WELL PERFORMANCE AND RECOVERY EFFICIENCY
- 6.3.1 Rock and Fluid Properties
- 6.3.2 Fracture Characteristics
- 6.4 PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS UNDER DIFFERENT DRIVE MECHANISMS AND ENHANCED RECOVERY TECHNIQUES
- 6.5 SUCCESSFUL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Chapter
7 - TYPE III FRACTURED MICROPOROUS OIL RESERVOIRS
- 7.1 GENERALIZATION AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
- 7.2 RESERVOIR QUALITY AND HETEROGENEITY
- 7.2.1 Reservoir Quality
- 7.2.2 Reservoir Heterogeneity
- 7.2.2.1 Reservoir architecture
- 7.2.2.2 Fracture density and distribution
- 7.3 FACTORS CONTROLLING WELL PERFORMANCE AND RECOVERY EFFICIENCY
- 7.3.1 Rock and Fluid Properties
- 7.3.2 Fracture Characteristics
- 7.4 PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS UNDER DIFFERENT DRIVE MECHANISMS AND ENHANCED RECOVERY TECHNIQUES
- 7.4.1 Drilling and Completion Technology
- 7.4.2 Secondary Recovery and EOR Techniques
- 7.5 SUCCESSFUL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Chapter 8 - TYPE IV FRACTURED CARBONATE OIL RESERVOIRS
- 8.1 GENERALIZATION AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
- 8.2 RESERVOIR QUALITY AND HETEROGENEITY
- 8.2.1 Reservoir Quality
- 8.2.2.1 Reservoir architecture
- 8.2.2.2 Fracture density and distribution
- 8.3 FACTORS CONTROLLING WELL PERFORMANCE AND RECOVERY EFFICIENCY
- 8.3.1 Rock and Fluid Properties
- 8.3.2 Fracture Characteristics
- 8.4 PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS UNDER DIFFERENT DRIVE MECHANISMS AND ENHANCED RECOVERY TECHNIQUES
- 8.5 SUCCESSFUL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Chapter
9 - FRACTURED AND TIGHT SANDSTONE OIL RESERVOIRS
- 9.1 GENERALIZATION AND SUMMARY STATISTICS
- 9.2 RESERVOIR QUALITY AND HETEROGENEITY
- 9.2.1 Reservoir Quality
- 9.2.2 Reservoir Heterogeneity
- 9.2.2.1 Reservoir architecture
- 9.2.2.2 Fracture density and distribution
- 9.3 FACTORS CONTROLLING WELL PERFORMANCE AND RECOVERY EFFICIENCY
- 9.3.1 Rock and Fluid Properties
- 9.3.2 Fracture Characteristics
- 9.4 PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS UNDER DIFFERENT DRIVE MECHANISMS AND ENHANCED RECOVERY TECHNIQUES
- 9.5 SUCCESSFUL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Chapter
10 - FRACTURED AND TIGHT CONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVOIRS
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS
- 10.2 FRACTURED CONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVOIRS
- 10.2.1 Reservoir Quality and Architecture
- 10.2.1.1 Reservoir quality
- 10.2.1.2 Reservoir architecture
- 10.2.2 Factors Controlling Well Performance and Recovery Efficiency
- 10.2.2.1 Rock and fluid properties
- 10.2.2.2 Fracture characteristics
- 10.2.3 Production Characteristics Under Different Drive Mechanisms and Enhanced Recovery Techniques
- 10.2.4 Successful Reservoir Management Strategies
- 10.3 TIGHT CONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVOIRS
- 10.3.1 Reservoir Quality and Architecture
- 10.3.1.1 Reservoir quality
- 10.3.1.2 Reservoir architecture
- 10.3.2 Factors Controlling Well Performance and Recovery Efficiency
- 10.3.2.1 Rock and fluid properties
- 10.3.2.2 Fracture characteristics
- 10.3.3 Production Characteristics Under Different Drive Mechanisms and Enhanced Recovery Techniques
- 10.3.4 Successful Reservoir Management Strategies
Chapter 11 - UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVOIRS
- 11.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS
- 11.2 BASIN-CENTER GAS ACCUMULATIONS
- 11.2.1 Reservoir Quality and Architecture
- 11.2.1.1 Reservoir quality
- 11.2.1.2 Reservoir architecture
- 11.2.2 Delineation and Development Approaches and Techniques
- 11.2.3 Successful Reservoir Management Strategies
- 11.3 COALBED METHANE ACCUMULATIONS
- 11.3.1 Reservoir Quality and Architecture
- 11.3.1.1 Reservoir quality and gas reserves
- 11.3.1.2 Reservoir architecture
- 11.3.2 Delineation and Development Approaches and Techniques
- 11.3.3 Successful Reservoir Management Strategies
- 11.4 FRACTURED SHALE-GAS RESERVOIRS
- 11.4.1 Reservoir Quality and Architecture
- 11.4.1.1 Reservoir quality and gas reserves
- 11.4.1.2 Reservoir architecture and fracture characteristics
- 11.4.2 Delineation and Development Approaches and Techniques
- 11.4.3 Successful Reservoir Management Strategies and Completion Techniques
Chapter 12 - MEGAKARST, EVAPORITE SOLUTION-COLLAPSE BRECCIA AND LATE BURIAL DIAGENESIS OIL & GAS RESERVOIRS
- 12.1 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS
- 12.2 RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
- 12.2.1 Megakarst Reservoirs
- 12.2.1.1 Buried-hill megakarst reservoirs
- 12.2.1.2 Plateau megakarst reservoirs
- 12.2.1.3 Buildup megakarst reservoirs
- 12.2.2 Evaporite Solution-Collapse Breccia Reservoirs
- 12.2.3 Late Burial Diagenesis Reservoirs
- 12.3 PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS
- 12.4 SUCCESSFUL RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
- 12.4.1 Effect of Reservoir and Fracture Type on Architecture and Heterogeneity
- 12.4.2 Development and Production Strategies
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